Switching Switching is a method of transferring data from one computer network to another. Messages are sent over the network of transmission media when a person accesses the internet or another computer network from outside their immediate location. Switches are used to perform switching in a computer network. A switch is a small piece of technology that connects several computers to a single local area network (LAN). In the OSI model, network switches function at layer 2 (Data link layer). Switching is transparent to users and does not require any configuration to the home network. Packets are forwarded using switches…
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Multiplexing is a method of combining and transmitting numerous data streams over a single medium. Multiplexing is the process of combining data streams, and the hardware used for multiplexing is known as a multiplexer. Multiplexing is accomplished through the use of a device known as a Multiplexer (MUX), which combines n input lines into a single output line. Many-to-one multiplexing is used, which means there are n input lines and one output line. At the receiving end, a device called a Demultiplexer (DEMUX) is used to demultiplex the signal. DEMUX is a signal demultiplexer that splits a signal into its…
UnGuided Transmission Electromagnetic waves are transmitted without the use of a physical medium in an unguided transmission. As a result, it’s often referred to as wireless transmission. The air is the medium through which electromagnetic waves can easily move in unguided media. Unguided transmission can be categorized into three types: Radio waves Microwaves Infrared Radio waves Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that travel through open space in all directions. The signals are transported in all directions by radio waves, which are omnidirectional. Radio waves have a frequency range of 3 kHz to 1 kHz. The sending and receiving antennas are…
Guided Media The cables that are substantial or have a physical existence and are confined by physical geography are known as guided media. Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fibre optical cable are common bound transmission media. Each has its own set of features, such as transmission speed, noise effect, physical look, cost, and so on. It is defined as the physical medium through which the signals are transmitted. It is also known as Bounded media. Types Of Guided media: Twisted pair: Twisted pair is a type of physical media made up of two cables that are twisted together. When…
What is Transmission media? A communication channel that conveys data from the sender to the recipient is known as transmission media. Electromagnetic signals are used to transfer data. The transmission media’s primary role is to transport data in the form of bits over a local area network (LAN) (Local Area Network). In data communication, it is a physical link between the transmitter and the receiver. The bits in a copper-based network are represented by electrical impulses. The bits in a fiber-based network take the form of light pulses. Transmission media supports Layer 1 in the OSI (Open System Interconnection) phase.…
Analog modulation, often known as analog-to-analog conversion, is the representation of analog data by an analog signal. If the medium is bandpass in nature or if we only have access to a bandpass channel, modulation is required. Radio is a good example. Each radio station is given a limited amount of bandwidth by the government. Each station’s analog transmission is a low-pass signal with the same frequency range. The low-pass signals must be moved to different ranges in order to listen to different stations. To represent analog data, analog signals are transformed. Analog Modulation is another name for this process.…
The process of converting a digital signal (in the form of zeros and ones or highs and lows) to an analog signal is known as digital-to-Analog Conversion (D/A) (one with infinitely many levels and states). A digital to analog converter, or DAC, is an electrical device used for this purpose. A digital signal is converted to an analog signal by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). It is necessary to convert digital data into an analog signal before sending it over an analog medium. In terms of data formatting, there are two possibilities. Filters that are used to filter and pass frequencies…
Microphones produce analog voice, while cameras provide analog video, both of which are processed as analog data. Analog to digital conversion is required to transport this analog data via digital impulses. Digital data is discrete, but analog data is a continuous stream of data in the waveform. Pulse Code Modulation(PCM) is used to convert analog waves into digital data (ie. Analog to Digital Conversion). One of the most often used methods for converting analog data to digital form is PCM. There are three steps to it: Sampling Quantization Encoding. Sampling Every T interval, the analog signal is sampled. The rate…
Digital-to-Digital Conversion As we have already told you that data can either be in analog form or in digital form. So let us learn how can we represent digital data in the form of digital signals. Three techniques used for this conversion are as follows: Line Coding Block Coding Scrambling Line Coding Line coding is the process used to convert digital data to digital signals. Assume that the data is in the form of text, numbers, audio, or video and that it is stored in the computer as a series of bits. As a result, line coding converts a series…
Digital Transmission Data is represented in two forms either analog or digital. The Computer can only understand the binary language that is of the form of 0 or 1 and also stores the information in the digital form. As a result, we must convert the data into a digital format that the computer can understand. The following are the data transmission conversion methods: Digital-to-Digital Conversion Analog-to-Digital Conversion Digital-to-Analog Conversion Analog-to-Analog Conversion
The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection) is developed by the International Standard Organization. It is a layered framework for the design of network systems that allows communication between all types of computer systems. Its primary purpose is to provide a set of structural guidelines for exchanging information between computers, workstations, and networks. OSI model describes how information from a software application in one computer moves through a physical medium to the software application in another computer. OSI consists of seven layers, and each layer performs a particular network function. The OSI model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization…
TCP/IP model TCP/IP model was designed and developed by the Department of Defense (DoD) funded by the United States Department of Defense in the 1960s and is based on standard protocols. It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The TCP/IP model is a concise version of the OSI model. TCP/IP model contains four layers, unlike seven layers in the OSI model. The layers are: Host-to-Network Layer It is the lowest layer. This layer is concerned with the physical transmission of data. TCP/IP does not specifically define any protocol here but supports all the standard protocols. This layer is a combination…